Families and households

Bott
Conjugal roles. 
Conjugal roles are roles that played by wife and husband within marriage with reference to the domestic division of labour. There are two kinds of roles:
1)Joint: roles are more shared, interests, leisure also shared between wife and husband. Those who have loose knit networks are ore likely to have joint roles
2)Segregated: clear and distinct responsibilities, leisure time is separated. Those who have close knit networks are more likely to have segregated roles.

Oakley
1974.The Sociology of Housework.
 Women have a dual burden: keeping traditional responsibilities for home and children and working in paid jobs.
Housework is seen as being a predominantly female role. Research showed that 88% of women were solely responsible for washing and ironing compared to 1% of men.
Women are a threat to men’s employment
Due the industrial revolution women were banned from some kinds of work. They and children are started to be economically dependent on men. This economic dependence and domestic duties meant that the housewife became the primary role for women

Bernard
1982. The Wife’s marriage.
It is being a housewife rather than being married contributes to the poor mental and emotional health of married women.

Hunt
1980. Husbands of both waged and unwaged wives helped only on the easiest domestic duties. Wives do double shift.

Gittins
1993. The cereal packet image of the family, that is heterosexual couple with children and which have traditional division of labor, acts as a powerful ideology defining what is normal and desirable and labeling alternative types of families as abnormal. 

Weeks
2000. Personal morality has become an individual choice rather than a set of values influenced by religion or dictated in the society. This means that every individual chooses its own life according to his preferences, e.g. singlehood or same sex relations.

Giddens
1992.Late modernity: opportunities to choose and identity and select a lifestyle; diversity is a reflection in differences in views and priorities of late modernity. People choose whether they want marry or cohabit or build reconstituted families. 
Relationships in late modernity are based on confluent love – deep and emotional and couples demand more and more support from each other. 

Stacey 
1996. Postmodern society: family relationships are unresolved and diverse; diversity is an opportunity for people to choose more appropriate lifestyle; increased possibility of more democratic and equal relations (Stacey thinks that gay and lesbian couples are more equal as such couples share domestic duties and responsibilities of taking care of children and usually both have paid jobs)

(to be continued)