Ivan Illich

Ivan illich wrote a number of books which  described essential changes in major institutions of the industrial world. One of the books, 'Deschooling society' was devoted as it is shown in its name to deschool society. Schools confuse students and make them feel obedient and undercontrolled. "Many students, especially those who are poor, intuitively know what the schools do for them. They school them to confuse process and substance. Once these become blurred, a new logic is assumed: the more treatment there is, the better are the results; or, escalation leads to success. The pupil is thereby "schooled" to confuse teaching with learning, grade advancement with education, a diploma with competence, and fluency with the ability to say something new. His imagination is "schooled" to accept service in place of value."

While all pupils are different and should develop their creativity and abilities on subjects they know and can do well.

In Deschooling Society Ivan Illich argued that a good education system should have three purposes: to provide everyone who want to study with all the resources at any time; make it possible for all who want to share knowledge find their own 'pupils'; and to create opportunities for those who want to present an issue to the public to make their arguments known.To have such an educational system it is necessary according to Illich to have four convival webs, which are different educational apprtoaches which give student an opportunity to have a success: 

"1. Reference services to educational objects - which facilitate access to things or processes used for formal learning. Some of these things can be reserved for this purpose, stored in libraries, rental agencies, laboratories and showrooms like museums and theatres; others can be in daily use in factories, airports or on farms, but made available to students as apprentices or on off-hours.

2. Skill exchanges - which permit persons to list their skills, the conditions under which they are willing to serve as models for others who want to learn these skills, and the addresses at which they can be reached.

3. Peer-matching - a communications network which permits persons to describe the learning activity in which they wish to engage, in the hope of finding a partner for the inquiry.

4. Reference services to educators-at-large - who can be listed in a directory giving the addresses and self-descriptions of professionals, paraprofessionals and freelances, along with conditions of access to their services. Such educators... could be chosen by polling or consulting their former clients. (Illich 1973a: 81)"

Generally, we can say that Illich suggested new way of education which is non-formal however it was criticised it had a lot of important points which used next generations.